Few Jokes on Unix Operating System and its functionalities *

I remember i wrote a joke on UNIX users a few years back in one of the blog. I was also sharing this with my colleagues in different offices i worked in. Few friends back there in Adobe system and Symantec used to love these kind of jokes. So i thought few more jokes that i have invented (or discovered or written ☺) since then.

The first one is:

Question - Why did the man using UNIX spend all day at the terminal?

Answer - Because he couldn't figure out how to use the "vi" command to exit!

This was a joke because of similar sound of bye and vi especially in some parts of the world.

Question - Why did the man using UNIX always wear sunglasses?

Answer - Because he was always 'ls'-ing in the sun!

Now this used the similarity between the word 'lying' and 'lsing'

Question - Why did the UNIX user wear a tie to the beach?

Answer - Because he wanted to be "root" in the office and "user" at the beach.

Question  - Why did the UNIX user put his computer in the freezer?

Answer - Because he wanted to "cool down" his "system".

Question  - Why did the UNIX user stare at the black screen for hours?

Answer - Because he was trying to "cat" the manual!

Please note that these are just jokes and should not be taken seriously. Unix users are just like any other group of people and should not be stereotyped or discriminated against based on their profession or preferences.

PS: The first of my such joke appeared here in 2013 - https://www.w3lc.com/2013/05/checking-file-system-directory-size-in.html

Warehouse management system and the Infoplus Cloud WMS

A warehouse management system (WMS) is a software application that helps companies manage and organize their warehouse operations. It provides tools for receiving, storing, and distributing products, as well as tracking inventory levels, monitoring warehouse activity, and generating reports. Some of the key features of a WMS include:

1. Inventory management: A WMS allows companies to track inventory levels in real-time, so they always know how much stock they have on hand and where it's located. This helps prevent stockouts and overstocking, and helps companies make better decisions about when to reorder products.
2. Receiving and putaway: A WMS helps companies process incoming shipments, including receiving and inspecting products, putting them away in the appropriate storage location, and updating inventory levels.
3. Picking and packing: A WMS helps companies locate products quickly and efficiently when orders are received, and generate picking lists and packing slips to streamline the order fulfillment process.
4. Shipping and tracking: A WMS helps companies prepare products for shipment, generate shipping labels, and track shipments as they make their way to customers.
5. Reporting and analytics: A WMS generates a variety of reports and analytics, including inventory levels, order history, and warehouse activity. This helps companies make data-driven decisions about warehouse operations and improve overall efficiency.
6. Automation: Many WMSs include tools for automation like barcode scanning, RFID tagging, and integration with other systems like ERP or accounting software, to automate many tasks in the warehouse.

A WMS can also include other features, such as cycle counting, kitting, and cross-docking. It can be used in different ways depending on the type of warehouse (for example, e-commerce warehouse, manufacturing warehouse, etc) and can be customized to fit the specific needs of a company.

Overall, a WMS is a powerful tool for managing warehouse operations, and can help companies improve efficiency, reduce costs, and provide better service to customers. With the help of a WMS, companies can gain better control over their inventory, streamline their order fulfillment process, and make data-driven decisions to improve overall warehouse performance.

Infoplus WMS (Warehouse Management System) is a cloud-based software solution that helps companies manage their warehouse operations. It provides tools for receiving, storing, and distributing products, as well as tracking inventory levels, monitoring warehouse activity, and generating reports. Some of the key features of Infoplus WMS include:

• Automated inventory management
• Barcode scanning and RFID tagging
• Real-time inventory tracking
• Shipping and tracking
• Reporting and analytics
• Mobile and offline capabilities
• Integration with other software such as e-commerce platforms, accounting software, and transportation management systems.

Infoplus WMS is designed to be user-friendly and easy to use, and it can be customized to fit the specific needs of a company. It is also scalable, so it can grow with your business. With Infoplus WMS, companies can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and provide better service to customers. 

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR PARTICIPANTS for NASA Space Apps Challenge 2021 - Ghazipur, UP, India

 

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR PARTICIPANTS

• Connect with your Local Lead: Each location Event Info page contains contact information for the “Local Leads” -- the Space Apps volunteers from your location who will be organizing virtual gatherings for your location and providing support to participants both prior to and during the hackathon. (The Universal Event also has a Local Lead.) Please feel free to contact Chapter Lead - Anwar Jamal at Toughjamy@yahoo.com

• Our Facebook Community: Follow Space Apps on https://www.facebook.com/spaceappsghazipur/

• You can also follow the blog World Wide Web Learner's Consortium for more details about NASA Space Apps Challenge, ideas and more hackathon helpful APIs and Data.

• Pick a Challenge: The challenges are now available! Browse the options and decide which one you want to solve! Recommended data for each challenge can be found by clicking the "Resources" tab. We encourage you to invite your friends along! Typical Space Apps teams have 2-6 participants (the limit is 6 members per team). Space Apps is all about collaboration and the most successful teams are often ones with a diverse set of skills and expertise -- coding, storytelling, creativity, data, science, engineering, technology, and more.

• Judging and Awards: Space Apps is all about collaboration and problem solving. However, we do offer awards to the most promising projects. More information about Judging and awards can be found in the Space Apps 2020 Judging and Awards Guide. For Ghazipur Space Apps Challenge the judges will include primarily but not limited to Mohd Anwar Jamal Faiz, Industry professionals, IEEE Members, OWASP Leaders, faculty from AMU Aligarh, PhDs and practitioners of STEM in India.

Learn more! Do you want to know more about the challenges, chat rooms, project submission, and awards and other important information? Please consult the Participant FAQ and other guides on the Space Apps resources page and on your user dashboard.

Thank you! We’re looking forward to a fun-filled Space Apps weekend!

Registration, Sponsorships and Judging

Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh is inviting teams to register for the contest.

We also welcome sponsorships to join in the event!

Local prize winners shall be judged on the basis of idea, completeness, novelty, presentation and use of NASA available APIs and resources.

For any issues, please contact NASA Space Apps Lead - Mohd Anwar Jamal Faiz (+91-8888327658) Toughjamy@yahoo.com

SCHEDULE (ALL TIMES ASIA/KOLKATA)

Sunday, September 26th

1. 7:00 pm

   Introduction to Space Apps Challenge 2021

Different Application Security Testing Tools: Major Classification

 Static Application Security Testing (SAST)

SAST tools can be thought of as white-hat or white-box testing, where the tester knows information about the system or software being tested, including an architecture diagram, access to source code, etc. SAST tools examine source code (at rest) to detect and report weaknesses that can lead to security vulnerabilities.

Source-code analyzers can run on non-compiled code to check for defects such as numerical errors, input validation, race conditions, path traversals, pointers and references, and more. Binary and byte-code analyzers do the same on built and compiled code. Some tools run on source code only, some on compiled code only, and some on both.

Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST)

In contrast to SAST tools, DAST tools can be thought of as black-hat or black-box testing, where the tester has no prior knowledge of the system. They detect conditions that indicate a security vulnerability in an application in its running state. DAST tools run on operating code to detect issues with interfaces, requests, responses, scripting (i.e. JavaScript), data injection, sessions, authentication, and more.

DAST tools employ fuzzing too: throwing known invalid and unexpected test cases at an application, often in large volume.

Origin Analysis/Software Composition Analysis (SCA)

Software-governance processes that depend on manual inspection are prone to failure. SCA tools examine software to determine the origins of all components and libraries within the software. These tools are highly effective at identifying and finding vulnerabilities in common and popular components, particularly open-source components. They do not, however, detect vulnerabilities for in-house custom developed components.

SCA tools are most effective in finding common and popular libraries and components, particularly open-source pieces. They work by comparing known modules found in code to a list of known vulnerabilities. The SCA tools find components that have known and documented vulnerabilities and will often advise if components are out of date or have patches available.

Database Security Scanning

The SQL Slammer worm of 2003 exploited a known vulnerability in a database-management system that had a patch released more than one year before the attack. Although databases are not always considered part of an application, application developers often rely heavily on the database, and applications can often heavily affect databases. Database-security-scanning tools check for updated patches and versions, weak passwords, configuration errors, access control list (ACL) issues, and more. Some tools can mine logs looking for irregular patterns or actions, such as excessive administrative actions.

Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Hybrid Tools

Hybrid approaches have been available for a long time, but more recently have been categorized and discussed using the term IAST. IAST tools use a combination of static and dynamic analysis techniques. They can test whether known vulnerabilities in code are actually exploitable in the running application.

IAST tools use knowledge of application flow and data flow to create advanced attack scenarios and use dynamic analysis results recursively: as a dynamic scan is being performed, the tool will learn things about the application based on how it responds to test cases. 

Mobile Application Security Testing (MAST)

MAST Tools are a blend of static, dynamic, and forensics analysis. They perform some of the same functions as traditional static and dynamic analyzers but enable mobile code to be run through many of those analyzers as well. MAST tools have specialized features that focus on issues specific to mobile applications, such as jail-breaking or rooting of the device, spoofed WI-FI connections, handling and validation of certificates, prevention of data leakage, and more.

Application Security Testing as a Service (ASTaaS)

As the name suggests, with ASTaaS, you pay someone to perform security testing on your application. The service will usually be a combination of static and dynamic analysis, penetration testing, testing of application programming interfaces (APIs), risk assessments, and more. ASTaaS can be used on traditional applications, especially mobile and web apps.

Momentum for the use of ASTaaS is coming from use of cloud applications, where resources for testing are easier to marshal.

Correlation Tools

Dealing with false positives is a big issue in application security testing. Correlation tools can help reduce some of the noise by providing a central repository for findings from others AST tools.

Different AST tools will have different findings, so correlation tools correlate and analyze results from different AST tools and help with validation and prioritization of findings, including remediation workflows. Whereas some correlation tools include code scanners, they are useful mainly for importing findings from other tools.

Test-Coverage Analyzers

Test-coverage analyzers measure how much of the total program code has been analyzed. The results can be presented in terms of statement coverage (percentage of lines of code tested) or branch coverage (percentage of available paths tested).

For large applications, acceptable levels of coverage can be determined in advance and then compared to the results produced by test-coverage analyzers to accelerate the testing-and-release process. These tools can also detect if particular lines of code or branches of logic are not actually able to be reached during program execution, which is inefficient and a potential security concern. Some SAST tools incorporate this functionality into their products, but standalone products also exist.

Application Security Testing Orchestration (ASTO)

While the term ASTO is newly coined by Gartner since this is an emerging field, there are tools that have been doing ASTO already, mainly those created by correlation-tool vendors. The idea of ASTO is to have central, coordinated management and reporting of all the different AST tools running in an ecosystem. It is still too early to know if the term and product lines will endure, but as automated testing becomes more ubiquitous, ASTO does fill a need.

Selecting Testing Tool Types

There are many factors to consider when selecting from among these different types of AST tools. If you are wondering how to begin, the biggest decision you will make is to get started by beginning using the tools. According to a 2013 Microsoft security study, 76 percent of U.S. developers use no secure application-program process and more than 40 percent of software developers globally said that security wasn't a top priority for them. Our strongest recommendation is that you exclude yourself from these percentages.

There are factors that will help you to decide which type of AST tools to use and to determine which products within an AST tool class to use. It is important to note, however, that no single tool will solve all problems. As stated above, security is not binary; the goal is to reduce risk and exposure.

Network Security Tools

Though they are not directly the part of Application Security domain, however without these fully implemented and running the application shall be prone to more and more risks. There is a separate post for list or types of network security tools.

How to Load Test APIs: Methods and most effective way to test web or downstream services

There are three typical approaches to load testing an API. These, as well as various hybrids, each have drawbacks and advantages.

#1 Faking it – API Mocking

The least useful for load testing is API Mocking These are basically temporary placeholders used during development of an API. Developers use these for early unit testing. But they also provide these “dummy” versions to other teams that need to call the unfinished API from within their own code.

Mocks return hard-coded responses, the formats of which often change during development. Also, the effort to create the mocks is wasted after their initial use.

Remember that, mocks aren’t yet hooked up to actual data sources, their performance isn’t at all representative of the real world. In summary, mocks may be useful for unit testing, but they aren’t representative of the real world.

#2 Cloning it – A Full Test Environment

This approach stands up a full-blown test environment using a snapshot of production data. Often you’ll have a copy of all the applications running, too, because your code relies on other APIs, not just database queries.

The good in this approach is that it’s very representative of the live system’s performance. If your load test brings the system to its knees, no problem! It hurts no one.

However, they raise privacy concerns, require constant data reloading, and can be very expensive if calling third party APIs.

#3 Hitting production – Load Testing Live APIs

Sadly, the method so many companies use is to test on production itself. Why? Well, it’s live, so it’s the most representative of all methods. It’s also “easy” –  no separate test environment to stand up and maintain. 

Disadvantage is that all data created are actual and stateful. And you still have to worry about the cost of pay-per-use APIs.

It’s important to schedule your load test “off hours.” And, any break would cause your production to become down.

#4 API Virtualization – The Risk-free Approach

You want to perform an exhaustive load test of your API – and keep your existing customers and your job. That rules out hitting the production system. And, you also need more than a test version of your API in a cloned environment. You need to test the real API in an environment where you can control the load condition for aspect of the test.

That’s where API Virtualization comes in. A virtual API provides a sandbox environment where you can simulate environmental loads on network bandwidth, server and database connections, simultaneous users and more.

With API virtualization, minimal resources are required for standing up and testing the API. You test the API itself, not the end-to-end application with all its required backend systems.  This eliminates the need for a clone of the production environment. 

You can test your API in isolation, gauging the reaction against real data,  under a variety of load conditions. 

API Virtualization allows you to load test your API in isolation from the rest of the system. With complete control of the test conditions, you can simulate network load, maximum connection limits, latencies and other conditions that happen in the real world.

Some examples of Cyber Security Firms and what they do

This article is a part of my series 'Security is our duty and we shall deliver it'

Following are some examples of Cyber Security Firms and what they do:

IBM Security: Services include- security intelligence and analytics; identity and access management; application security; advanced fraud protection; data security and privacy; and infrastructure protection.

Symantec Software: World's largest security product vendor, largest antivirus (Norton) and a variety of backup and asset management systems manufacturer

Cisco - Products range from advanced malware protection; next generation firewalls; security management; cloud security; next generation prevention systems; VPN security clients; email security; policy and access; web security; network visibility and enforcement; and router security, to name a few.

BAE Systems - It operates through five segments: the electronic systems; the cyber and intelligence systems; intelligence and security systems; applied intelligence; and the platforms and services.

McAfee - One of the biggest antivirus and anti-malware provider in the world.

Palo Alto Networks - It works on Next-Generation Firewall, Advanced Endpoint Protection and Threat Intelligence Cloud. The company’s Next Generation Security Platform was built for breach prevention with threat information shared across a range of security functions that can operate over mobile networks.

Apart from these, there are hundreds of companies around the globe that manufacture security products or provide their services. We have relations with some of the companies fast emerging in these arena and some having good clientele and reputation in terms of Software security implementations. We are close to building one own Software Security product.



You can read and download the article from:
https://www.slideshare.net/toughjamy/security-is-our-duty-and-we-shall-deliver-it-white-paper

Read on LinkedIn:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/security-our-duty-we-shall-deliver-mohd-anwar-jamal-faiz/

Security is our duty and we shall deliver it! - A White Paper For Software Security Organizations

Recently, I wrote a White paper. It is titled as - 'Security is our duty and we shall deliver it!'


This paper could be best described in following words-

Quality Management, Information Security, Threat Hunting and Mitigation Plans for a Software Company or a Technology Start-up engaged in building, deploying or consulting in Software and Internet Applications.


The chief sections of the document would be:

1. Introduction to Enterprise Risk & Cyber Security
2. The technologies we employ in
3. Types of Software testing
4. Some examples of Cyber Security Firms and what they do
5. How we achieve a secure product
6. InfoSec and Managed Security Service Provider
7. Training and development
8. Safeguarding against Phishing and Multi-Factor Authentication
9. Threat hunting, mitigation and Vulnerability Management
10. The denouement

You can read and download the article from:
https://www.slideshare.net/toughjamy/security-is-our-duty-and-we-shall-deliver-it-white-paper

Read on LinkedIn:
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/security-our-duty-we-shall-deliver-mohd-anwar-jamal-faiz/



Following blog posts are must read for any Software Quality and Security Professional or an organization working in this field:

http://www.w3lc.com/2010/05/veracode-as-new-whitebox-testing-tool.html

http://www.w3lc.com/2012/02/analysis-of-valgrind-still-reachable.html

http://www.w3lc.com/2011/07/stress-testing-what-how-when.html

http://www.w3lc.com/2011/02/types-of-software-testing.html

http://www.w3lc.com/2010/10/dos-and-ddos-clarification-on-hacking.html

http://www.w3lc.com/2010/05/baseline-and-traceability-matrix.html

Cheers my readers.
You are my reason to be motivated.

- M. Anwar Jamal Faiz

Software Problems in Filtering and censoring Internet

Post from Internet Censorship Voyager Blog.

I really find it hard to tackle the problem of keyword filtering and removing objectionable contents from the Internet servers as big as yahoo, google, Facebook etc. 


With more than billions of Internet users let’s see what are problems:

1. Billions of Internet users around the globe
2. Thousands of cultural diversities across the globe
3. Millions of line posted every hour over the internet
4. Approximately 11 hours video upload every third minute across the globe
5. Tweets, status updates, messages, forwarding, comes in a real time environment. So who will keep track of these things
6. What is objectionable may not be objectionable for other and vice-versa
7. Age old problems like “Adult content removal” is still not successful, who the hell can develop an “Offensive content removal” system. Hat’s off to law making people. They think programming just like passing a bill in legislature, or just finding a mistake in law that could convict an innocent or help escape a murderer.
8. Google indexes websites by their webbots (crawlers). But now a filtered Indexing has to be done. So now thousands of daily complaints by webmasters will come, why their websites was not crawled.
9. Facebook has to re-invent ways to check status updates. Monitoring (manual efforts and decision making also reuired here) will make your status updates taking time to come. 
10. DNS manipulations and proxy servers are very common these days and known to almost every informed internet user
11. Audio visual contents and text in images are still not possible to handle.
12. Any Language translations API is also not 100% successful till date
13. Bla bla bla
14. Bla bla bla


In addition to these also remember some of my thoughts that I use to share regularly related to Internet Censorship. Combining all facts I find it an extremely baffling problem to deal with.


So do I need to reason out more by logic? You all are better judges. 

Stress Testing [What How When]

This post aims to throw light on questions such as, "what is stress testing", "how to do stress testing", "when to do stress testing". So basically, it gives you my visualization of stress testing. Specifically, how i see it and feel of it. In Stress testing you try to break the system under test. Rather you can also call it study of Emotional quotient of your system. How well it behaves when it is subjected to stress. Definitely this means of finding innovative ideas to give the system/process a really really tough time. This can be achieved by expanding its resources or by taking resources away from it. Often in the latter case (but sometimes in both) it is called negative testing. The main purpose behind this testing is to make sure that the system fails and recovers gracefully. So, the keyword here is RECOVERABILTY.

It is to be understood that the performance testing demands a very controlled environment. Since you are going to set baselines and compare against old baselines, you have to be very cautious about the environment, architecture, OS etc. But Stress testing enjoys the beauty of randomness. You may very well doubt on what beauty I am talking about. But seriously, only a Good tester can tell you how much he enjoys in inducing chaos, catches and unpredictability. I felt this pride and fulfillment many times in Adobe and Symantec.



It should be instilled deep that stress testing is not breaking the system purely for the pleasure of breaking it. Rather it allows observation of how the system reacts to failure. It tests recoverability, error messages, breach of security due to unpredictable behavior, hangs etc. For example the simplest you can do is to parallelly run processes that consume resources. This may be CPU, memory, disk, network, database consuming processes. Think about tools and utilities available. For instance read my post related to 'ulimit' tool on linux. [PS: There are thousands of tools. i am just giving an example, because that is also very helpful. And yes, for me you clicking on Advertisements is very helpful.] If no tool is working out you can think of writing you own test application. Simplest is an application with overriden new operator. Look my post on that. Find from references below. Think about doubling the baseline number for concurrent users. What happens if different protocols used to access same system at same time. What happens if the Files being processed are of very large size, or of very small size.

Remember my pictorial representation above. Stress testing means 'giving your application really really tough time. Think about innovative ways to test the Emotional quotient of your system.'

But do remember to come to this test only after your functional and integration testing has been done. If you are only responsible for some module, then you may stress test your module/API/DLL/lib/so (Hmm..anything) once your Acceptance and Unit Testing are finished. Obviously in Agile environment, due to time crunch, Functional testing and stress test can be started in parallel on different systems. Although the former is more important, but unfortunately time is the only thing you go out of often. So stress can be triggered on some machine. And you can analyze results of functional test. And if FT is pass, you can also analyze stress test result. For Antivirus products, you can have a stress file set that contains Zip compression bombs, large files, files having viruses. For Desktop publishing applications, your test set files may contain large application files, fuzzed files, or files not saved properly, or any set of files that are known to give tough times to your system.

References On my Blog:
Ulimit as a tool on Linux for Stress Test
Different types of Software Testing
Overriding new and delete operator for stress testing

Free National Aptitude Test Talenthunt 2011

Hi,
I came across a link www.nationaltalenthunt.com conducting a Free
National Aptitude Test on Sept 4, 2011. If it interest anyone, he/she may visit
the site. Please be advised that I have no relation with the aforementioned organization and have not tested any credibilty or quality of test.
Just wanted to pass the info.

What you must essentially know in interview of freshers in OOP Concepts

I dedicate this post to my junior roomies at sometime and more like younger brothers to me namely Ali the Smarty, Sadiq the Shera, Mudassir pucchu turned hunk, Fahed Aloo baba, Sufian cell phone love expert, and last but not the least to Mohsin. (Is anyone hearing!!!)

This post is aimed at dealing with information needed for freshers related to object oriented Programming concepts. Many of my friend’s siblings and friends have asked me several times about what knowledge is extremely important for an interview related to OOPS. And ‘extremely’ word is so catchy.

Actually what I outlined below is a possible list of question that is certain to be asked directly or indirectly. You can have great understanding on W3C School. But you must have practical exposure to programming of these . Or say, in least you must know atleast one working example that includes all the following concepts. In any case, essentially the interviews of fresh computer engineering graduates shall have following questions.

What is Object Oriented Programming Language?

The language, which obeys all the basic principles of Object Oriented Programming, which are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism, is generally known as Object Oriented Programming Language. Languages like c++ and java are some well-known Object Oriented Programming Languages

What is Polymorphism?

The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be explained as “one interface, multiple methods”.

What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is the process of basing one class on another. In this process, a base class provides methods, properties, and other members to a derived class. The advantage of inheritance is that you can write and maintain code once it is in the base class and reuse it over and over in the derived classes. But the main draw back of Java is it doesn’t support multiple Inheritances; hence to over come this draw back Java provides us the Interface concept.

What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse.

Why JAVA is known as securable language?

There are two reasons behind this. The first one is, as JAVA runs in JVM, which is a virtual machine, and it converts source code to byte code, which is not understandable for humans, so its safe. The second reason is JAVA does not support the Pointer concept, hence we can say that JAVA is a securable language.

What is the necessity of Interface?

As java is a Partially Object Oriented language, and it does not support the multiple inheritance concepts, it creates problem for the developers. To over come this situation JAVA provides Interface concept for multiple inheritance

What is Abstraction?

An essential element of object-oriented programming is abstraction. Abstraction is the process to hide the complexity. A powerful way to manage abstraction is through the use of hierarchical classifications. This allows programmer to understand the semantics of complex system.

What is Class and Object?

A class defines the abstract characteristics of a thing (object), including the thing’s characteristics, like its attributes or properties and the things it can do .The code for a class should be relatively self-contained. Collectively, the properties and methods defined by a class are called members. Object a particular instance of a class. Object holds the characteristics of the Class. The set of values of the attributes of a particular object is called its state.

Is JAVA a completely Object Oriented Programming Language?

The answer to this question is certainly no. The reason behind this is JAVA does not obey the OOPs concept purely. Certain concepts like Operator over loading and Multiple Inheritance are not supported by JAVA. Hence JAVA is known as Partially Object Oriented Programming Language.

In addition, it is advisable to know practical programs related to this. You also get to know about function overloading and overriding, multiple and multilevel inheritance, virtual functions, copy constructor, Final Class, Throwable etc.

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Unix Commands related to Handling files

Without an introductory speech let me come directly to the point.
Listing files in a directory

ls
list the files in the current directory
ls -a
list ALL files, even ones which begin with a dot, which are normally omitted
ls -s
list files, with their sizes
ls -l
list files, giving full details about each file
ls -al mydir/
list all files in directory mydir (including those beginning with a dot), giving full details about each file
ls *.c
list the files which end ".c"
ls mydir/
list the files in directory mydir


Moving or renaming files (IMHO please consider both the same if you are on Unix flavored OS or on Mac)
Examples:
mv oldname newname
rename a file
mv myfile mydir
move a file into another directory
mv myfile1 myfile2 myfile3 mydir
move several files into another directory


To Copy files
Examples:
cp oldname newname
make a copy of a file
cp myfile mydir
make a copy of a file in another directory
cp myfile1 myfile2 myfile3 mydir
make a copy of several files in another directory


To Delete files
Examples:
rm file...
delete the specified files
rm -i file...
ask for confirmation before deletion
rm -f file...
don't ask for confirmation before deletion. BE CAREFUL!
rm -r directory
Delete directory and everything in it. BE CAREFUL! To remove empty directories, see rmdir
rm -rf directory
Delete directory and everything in it, without asking for confirmation. Hey man its not the magic. Actually –rf tells the OS to suppress asking for confirmation. Actually there is never a magic in Software Arena. It’s all how deeper you go, and how diversified the developers approached to a problem. But defects/bug usually come as a magic!! (Some say, if you understand a woman, it is a magic in itself. Have I understood my Girlfriend and would be wife yet!!!!)


You can write me at toughjamy@yahoo.com.
To Know me professionally visit ..Linked In..
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You can also know more about me at ToughJamy : An Informal Me!!